LHPP functions as a tumor suppressor gene in GC by regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway [24] and inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway [25], the TGFβ/Smad signaling pathway [26], AKT phosphorylation [27], and other mechanisms to suppress tumor occurrence and progression. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.