Previous observations by members of our research team support these observations and have shown that (i) this upregulated transcriptomic TNF and cytokine response is also observed in ZIKV-infected neuroblastoma cells, (ii) ZIKV-infected brain organoids co-cultured with USP7 or USP13 cells upregulate expression of TNF and a limited number of related cytokines, and (iii) ZIKV-infected canine glioblastoma cells secrete elevated levels of interleukins31,32,36. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and glioblastoma.