TNF and medulloblastoma: Of the 13 significantly secreted cytokines from ZIKV-infected USP13 medulloblastoma cells, nine (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, IL-1 beta, IL-6, CXCL1, CXCL10 and CCL3-5) are known to induce the M1-like phenotype, whilst only CCL5 and high levels of IL-1RA may lead to the M2-like phenotype58.