TNF and temporal lobe epilepsy: In a study evaluating the neuroprotective potential of cynomenine as well as its effect on oxidative stress and inflammation in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy induced by intrahippocampal kainate, it was reported that GSH production decreased, ROS and MDA levels increased and Nuclear Factor kappa B (NFκB) and Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels increased [87].