TLR4 and Sepsis: Specifically, the ligation of TLR4 with its prototypical ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers the downstream nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation and induces the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in peritoneal macrophages, which exacerbates inflammation in sepsis [[17], [18], [19]].