Similarly, Bacteroides fragilis, through B. fragilis toxin (BFT), not only accelerates tumor growth and metastasis but also significantly enhances the self-renewal ability of breast cancer cells by concurrently activating the β-catenin and NOTCH1 signaling pathways, providing new opportunities for tumor progression (Parida et al., 2021). The gene discussed is PITX1; the disease is neoplasm.