TNF and leukemia: SCFAs exert anti-inflammatory functions by modulating immune cell chemotaxis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cytokine release (decrease IL-6, IL-8 and increase IL-10, TNF-α) (Inamoto et al., 2023), reduce DNA damage during radiation (a recognized cause of leukemia) injury and butyric acid serves as a colonic fuel sources, fosters immunoregulation (Guo et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2024).