GAL and steatosis: HepG2 cells were then challenged with free fatty acids (FFA, palmitic acid/oleic acid, 1 mM) for 24 h to establish an in vitro steatosis model and subsequently treated with GA at low (FFA-GAL) and high (FFA-GAH) doses and metformin (FFA-MET, the positive control) for another 24 h.