TNF and endothelial dysfunction: We confirmed successful induction of endothelial dysfunction by confirming the upregulation of VCAM1 (Fig. 8A, P = 0.0031 at 10 ng/mL TNFα), ET-1 (Fig. 8B, P = 0.0034 at 10 ng/mL TNFα) and ICAM1 (Fig. 8C, P = 0.0014 at 10 ng/mL TNFα).