IL1B and Cowden syndrome 1: The activation of TLRs plays a critical role in the development of infectious diseases and the progression of CS.86–88 Upon recognition of PAMPs, TLRs initiate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and orchestrate appropriate immune responses to safeguard cells from harm.89,90 Activation of TLRs leads to the production of antiviral cytokines such as type I IFNs, IL-1ß, and IL-6, which directly impede viral replication.