Macrophages have the capability to respond and secrete catecholamines through the activation of adrenergic receptors,480 leading to an increased production of cytokines (IL-2, TNF, IFN-γ, and MIP-1α) within the macrophage, a phenomenon referred to as the autocrine loop of catecholamines.481 This cascade of events can exacerbate the inflammatory damage associated with CRS. Here, IFNG is linked to congenital rubella syndrome.