Samples from cases 6323 and 6195 which had very few insulin-containing islets had increased abundances of vasculature, Granzyme-B+/CD3- cells, and nerves in their extra-islet spaces compared to non-T1D controls (Figure 1—figure supplement 3), indicating these changes persist through the point when the entire tissue is afflicted. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.