CSF1R and Parkinson disease: In addition, homogenized human brain tissue from people with PD showed consistently higher normalized CSF1R expression in the midbrain, cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, temporal cortex, cerebellar cortex, and caudate with the largest differences in the midbrain (P < 0.0005), compared with people in a controls group with absent neurodegenerative pathology (Figure 1, C and D).