The concentrations of immune‐promoting Th1 cytokines (IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, and IL‐2) as well as proinflammatory signal (IL‐6) determined in culture supernatants and tumor tissues were evidently higher in N@VP + 2 Gy group (Figure 8d; Figure S27, Supporting Information). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.