LCN2 and acute kidney injury: The diagnosis of kidney disease may be accomplished either through measuring markers of renal function (ie, surrogates of glomerular filtration rate such as serum creatinine [sCr], urea or symmetric dimethylarginine [SDMA] concentration) or kidney injury (ie, urine kidney injury molecule-1 [KIM-1], cystatin, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin [NGAL], etc).6 Markers of renal function are, in general, less sensitive to AKI than markers of injury since renal function must be substantially impaired to see increases in serum markers.