TNF and neurodegenerative disease: These include pro-inflammatory cytokines, glutamate (which can exert excitotoxic effects), interleukin-18 (IL-18), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS), Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) and CC motif chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2), all of which contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases [34, 35, 37].