CD274 and lung carcinoma: In recent years, the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors has led to remarkable advancements in the treatment of various malignancies (1–3), demonstrating significant improvements in mortality rates for patients with melanoma (4), lung cancer (5), head and neck cancers (6), and esophageal cancer (7).