Nonetheless, a number of published controlled clinical trials have confirmed that CKD patients show good tolerance to SGLT2 inhibitors, such as, CREDENCE (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02065791), DAPA-CKD (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03036150), EMPA-KIDNEY (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03594110), significantly delaying the onset and development of diabetic nephropathy, reducing mortality from end-stage renal disease, and showing sustained benefits with long-term treatment (Heerspink et al., 2020; Perkovic et al., 2019; The et al., 2023). Here, SLC5A2 is linked to stage 5 chronic kidney disease.