Their interaction with epithelial and cancer cells triggers inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukins IL-6, IL-17, IL-8) and pathways (e.g., NF-kB, STAT3), promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, immune chemoattractants, and cancer cell proliferation (Narunsky-Haziza et al., 2022; Wang and Fang, 2023; Wang et al., 2023b). This evidence concerns the gene STAT3 and cancer.