Additional biomarkers implicated in AS-related atherosclerosis include elevated asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous NOS inhibitor, and persistent platelet activation post-anti-TNF therapy, evidenced by increased platelet-monocyte complexes (PMC) and soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) levels [63]. Here, CD40LG is linked to atherosclerosis.