MGAT1 and neoplasm: To confirm this observation, we validated the effect of THBS1and THBS2 on the MGAT-CD73-adenosine cascade and observed that stimulation of TNBC cells with THBS1 leads to increased MGAT1 abundance and up-regulated membrane-bound CD73 levels as well as enhanced adenosine production (Fig. 5m and Supplementary Fig. 8h–j), suggesting the overactivation of MGAT1 in tumor immune invasion could be due to abnormal THBS1 signaling.