Furthermore, colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) inhibitors, which selectively target CSF-1R, and are predominantly expressed by monocytes and macrophages, result in reduced M2 MΦ polarization and enhanced survival in a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) mouse model [8]. This evidence concerns the gene CSF1R and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.