MTOR and heart failure: SGLT2i such as empagliflozin and dapagliflozin reduce heart failure hospitalization, chronic kidney disease progression, MACE, blood pressure, and body weight by activating AMPK/mTOR pathways, inhibiting NHE3 and RAAS, and reducing oxidative stress through enhanced glucose and sodium excretion, thereby alleviating cardiac and renal stress, improving mitochondrial efficiency, and decreasing fibrosis and inflammation.