PTGS2 and neoplasm: The activated macrophages induce tumor progression through stimulation of angiogenesis and secretion of a large panel of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), IL-6, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and TNF-α, that contribute to an oncoinflammatory tumor microenvironment development [80].