TNF and cancer: Notably, chemokines like CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 are primarily produced by a variety of cell types, including monocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and cancer cells, in response to IFN-γ, and this response is further amplified by TNF-α, highlighting their role as pro-inflammatory cytokines [43].