VEGFA and gastroesophageal reflux disease: VEGF, iNOS, IL-1β, and IL-17 expression were significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the control group (p = 0.018, p = 0.010, p = 0.002, p = 0.002, respectively), showing that middle ear inflammation induced by gastroesophageal reflux was related to increased expression of VEGF, IL-1β, IL-17, and iNOS [24].