TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In keeping with our previous study, the RH in T1D animals was associated with increased hippocampal levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNFα (Table 2; the effect of the Hypo, p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) [8], which were reduced following the treatment with the SFN (Table 2).