NFKB1 and Hyperglycemia: Hyperglycemia induces excessive sorbitol formation via the polyol pathway, AGE, and mitochondrial dysfunction, and leads to excessive ROS production by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), poly ADP ribosyl polymerase (PARP), and protein kinase C (PKC) pathways, resulting in the activation of NF-κB, NRF2 [49,50].