Altered levels of autophagy markers have been observed in the brains of individuals with Parkinson's disease,56,62,63 DLB63 and multiple systems atrophy (MSA).64 This suggests that pathological α-synuclein aggregates may induce oxidative stress, leading to increased autophagosomes that attempt to clear aggregation by-products such as the pathological β-sheet structures of α-synuclein, potentially explaining the reduction in β-sheet peaks after Day 1 in this experiment. Here, SNCA is linked to multiple system atrophy.