TGFB1 and helminthiasis: Helminth infections, in addition to Th2 cytokine responses, can induce suppressive regulatory T-cells (Tregs), which produce inhibitory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β that suppress Th1 type responses and can interfere with effector T-cell activation.15 In helminth-infected and TBI-helminth co-infected participants, there was an increase in mycobacterial growth at baseline and, thus, a reduction in the ability to control mycobacterial growth compared to controls, which reversed after anti-helminthic treatment.