Overcoming T-cell exhaustion is a primary goal of cancer immunotherapy, For example, Tieying Yin's research team designed MΦM-coated nanoplatform and confirmed programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) (PD-1-MM@PLGA/RAPA) (Figure 7C), which accumulates at the tumor site, boosting immune response via increasing CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) infiltration 77. Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.