Whether the higher proportion of patients treated by ACE inhibitors or ARBs in our cohort could additionally contribute to increased incidence of AKI may be debated, because it has been demonstrated that SGLT2i protect patients from AKI in several meta-analysis.19, 20, 21 Interestingly, in DAPA-CKD, including nontransplanted patients treated with ACE inhibitors or ARBs, discontinuation rates were higher in patients with CKD stage 4 versus CKD stage 2 or 3; however, the rates were similar in dapagliflozin versus placebo in both CKD 4 and CKD 2 or 3 group. Here, ACE is linked to acute kidney injury.