TNF and diabetes mellitus: Inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, platelets, and lymphocytes, as well as various inflammatory markers or mediators, including cytokines like interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), selectin E, C-reactive protein (CRP), and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), are elevated in individuals with diabetes [12, 13].