In Model 3, after adjusting for various covariates such as age, sex, race, PIR, marital status, education level, BMI, smoking, drinking, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, ALT, AST, creatinine, and cholesterol, participants in the Q4 group had higher DSST (β = 1.60, 95% CI: 0.04–3.17), AFT scores (β = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.37–1.60), and Z scores (β = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.01–0.17), compared with those in Q1. Here, GPT is linked to Hypertension.