TGFB1 and neoplasm: TAMs, which constitute up to 50% of the tumor mass, adopt an anti-inflammatory phenotype, secreting cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) that inhibit effector T cell activity (Kloosterman et al., 2024; Wang S. et al., 2023).