Considering the important regulatory role of IRF1 in the immune system (Chavez et al., 2025; Rahlf and Tarakanova, 2025) and AAT1 upregulation in mastocytes, SO2-mediated IRF1 sulphenylation might play a critical regulatory role in regulating mastocytes-mediated vascular inflammation, as well as modulating the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (Lavillegrand et al., 2024), pulmonary arterial hypertension (Zhang et al., 2021), and allergic diseases (Galli and Tsai, 2012), which require further study. Here, IRF1 is linked to allergic disease.