INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Among these key targets, several, including catenin beta 1 (CTNNB1), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), protein kinase B (AKT1), TNF, and IL-6, have been involved in multiple biological processes associated with NAFLD, such as inflammation, insulin secretion regulation, and glucose and lipid metabolism.