The papC, vgrG1, and iss genes in E. coli play important roles in the bacteria’s ability to cause and persist in the infection by enabling adherence to host cells (papC), promoting toxin secretion and cell invasion (vgrG1), and enhancing survival in the bloodstream by evading immune responses (iss), all of which play key roles in urinary tract and extraintestinal infections. This evidence concerns the gene PCDH8 and infection.