ALB and diabetic kidney disease: The study included a total number of 89 subjects, as follows: 30 DKD patients divided into three subgroups based on the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR): 20 normoalbuminuric, 10 microalbuminuric, and 10 macroalbuminuric, 29 CKD patients (positive controls) and 20 healthy individuals (negative controls).