EGR4 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): EGR4 has also been found in human astrocytoma cells infected with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), where its upregulation was partially dependent on EGR1 at the transcription level [40], and also in cells infected with coronaviruses such as gamma coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), alpha coronaviruses, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and human coronavirus-229E (HCoV-229E), as well as in chicken embryos infected with IBV [41].