These include [102] age [105,107,108], sex [106], low body mass index (BMI), low preoperative albumin levels, smoking, tumor size and stage [131], body composition (encompassing sarcopenia, myosteatosis, and visceral obesity), patient functional status (e.g., ASA score, frailty), low subcutaneous fat, poor aerobic capacity [92], diabetes, and other comorbidities. Here, ALB is linked to neoplasm.