MTOR and temporal lobe epilepsy: For instance, a previous study demonstrated increased levels of autophagy markers, such as p-mTOR/m-TOR ratio, LC3-II, and phospho-Akt/Akt ratios, along with the occurrence of epileptiform discharge originating from the hippocampus or limbic cortical regions following kainic acid (KA) administration in mice, while establishing temporal lobe epilepsy models [15].