TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Inflammation in T2D is primarily triggered by cytokines and adipokines released by adipocytes, including IL-6, TNF-α, resistin, visfatin, angiotensin, adiponectin, leptin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1).