Moreover, we also found that PSNPs@DEM markedly decreased the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in the whole lung tissues of the ALI mouse model than that of the NPs@DEM (Fig. 7F–H and supplemental Fig. S5A–C), which is an inflammation cascade after macrophage activation. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is acute respiratory distress syndrome.