IGF1 and sarcopenia: This inflammatory response antagonizes the pro-anabolic effects ofinsulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (19).Proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, and tumor necrosisfactor-α (TNF-α), play an important role in muscle homeostasis and cancontribute to the pathogenesis of obesity, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity bydisrupting metabolic homeostasis (18).