Notably, in AKI and CKD, increased inflammation is widely associated with elevated ROS levels and reduced mitochondrial biogenesis, as evidenced by decreased markers such as PGC-1α (Chen et al. 2022; Salari et al. 2022; Siddhi et al. 2022; Elkhoely 2023; Shahmohammadi et al. 2023; Gong et al. 2023; Fan et al. 2024). Here, PPARGC1A is linked to chronic kidney disease.