Notably, in AKI and CKD, increased inflammation is widely associated with elevated ROS levels and reduced mitochondrial biogenesis, as evidenced by decreased markers such as PGC-1α (Chen et al. 2022; Salari et al. 2022; Siddhi et al. 2022; Elkhoely 2023; Shahmohammadi et al. 2023; Gong et al. 2023; Fan et al. 2024). The gene discussed is PPARGC1A; the disease is acute kidney injury.