PPARGC1A and chronic kidney disease: In renal diseases such as diabetic nephropathy, ischemia–reperfusion injury, and CKD, oxidative distress is linked to the downregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis via factors such as NRF1, PGC-1α, and TFAM (Wang et al. 2020; Liao et al. 2022; Chen et al. 2022; Prem et al. 2023; Gong et al. 2023).