KLK3 and posterior cortical atrophy: Furthermore, incorporation of spermine into a risk scorealongside PSA, prostate volume, and digital rectal examination improveddiagnostic accuracy (AUC of 0.78 for PCa and 0.82 for high-grade PCa).Additionally, spermine levels in PCa patients can be 7–34 timeslower than in healthy individuals and 5–13 times lower thanin those with benign prostatic hyperplasia.5,16 Onthe other hand, elevated level of urinary spermine was detected inpatients with localized malignant tumors, including lung and liver.17,18