IL9 and pulmonary fibrosis: Notably, this effect was achieved with a lower NTB dose (8 mg/kg) compared to the bolus group (30 mg/kg), which showed only modest cytokine suppression, consistent with findings from Pan et al. [49] Although the broader cytokine panel (SI-1) reflects a general modulation of inflammation, the reduction of IL-9 by both NTB-loaded β-CD and bolus NTB (*p < 0.001) further supports antifibrotic activity, as IL-9 is associated with Th9 cell–driven fibroblast activation and collagen synthesis in lung fibrosis models [50–52].