These isolated glycoproteins on MFGMs have been shown to inhibit hemagglutination of Helicobacter pylori in vitro, and human MFGM-associated lactadherin inhibited rotavirus binding and infection in vitro, likely by acting as a decoy for binding, as removal of sialic acid resulted in the loss of inhibitory activity (28, –, 30). This evidence concerns the gene MFGE8 and infection.