HMGA2 and liver cancer: These findings, in addition to the detection of HMGA2 protein in few body fluids such as pancreatic cyst fluid and liver cancer patients’ serum (DiMaio et al. 2016; Huang et al. 2022), prompted us to investigate the presence and levels of the HMGA2 protein in BC patients’ plasma, as no data are available concerning the detection of the HMGA2 protein in the plasma of BC patients, and there is a vital need to identify a marker that supports the procedures used to diagnose bladder cancer.