TLR4 and infection: We confirmed requirement of TLR4 activity for TLR4 endocytosis and cytokine expression in the context of infection with E. coli expressing rough (strain MG1655 (Rendueles et al, 2014)) and smooth LPS (clinical isolates CFT073 (Brzuszkiewicz et al, 2006), EC958 (Phan et al, 2013)) (Fig. 3H,I), suggesting that TLR4-mediated TLR4 endocytosis occurs in the presence or absence of LPS O-antigen.