MS-risk genes associated with immune activation included Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and TNF receptor family members TNFRSF1 and CD27, negative regulation of cytokines (SOCS1 and VSIR), interleukin signaling (IL12RB1) as well as other immune signaling molecules such as AIF1 (also known as IBA1), BCL10 and PTPRC. Here, TNF is linked to myeloid sarcoma.